How is a civil lawsuit commenced?

• A. An order from the court
• B. The defendant files a response
• C. A motion is granted
• D. Someone files a complaint

Answer: (D)

Starting a civil lawsuit involves the plaintiff filing a complaint with the court. This initial pleading sets out who is suing who, the facts giving rise to the claim, the legal theories being relied on, and the relief the plaintiff seeks. Once the complaint is filed, the court typically issues a summons and directs notice to the defendant so they can respond. The defendant’s response—often an answer—comes after they’ve been served. Motion practice or court orders occur later in the process and do not initiate the action.