Which of the following is not an indicator of abuse?

• A. Bruises
• B. Strangulation
• C. Sexual Assault
• D. Calm demeanor

Answer: (D)

Noticing signs of abuse involves identifying injuries or behaviors that reliably reflect violence or coercion. Bruises are a common physical sign that can indicate harm from abuse, especially when their pattern, location, or timing doesn’t fit with the stated story. Strangulation is a highly serious form of abuse with immediate life-threatening potential and leaves clear safety and health concerns, making it a strong indicator of serious harm. Sexual assault is a direct act of violence and exploitation, clearly signaling abuse in a sexual and physical context.

Calm demeanor is not a reliable indicator on its own. A victim may appear calm for many reasons—shock, fear of retaliation, cultural expectations, or simply coping in the moment—so mood alone doesn’t prove abuse. In practice, professionals assess a combination of injuries, patterns, history, and corroborating information rather than relying on demeanor alone.